Introduction

Number System

• Conversion of base can be done by successive division or extraction of most significant digit
• Each hexadecimal digital is equivalent to 4-bit binary numbers

Size vs Rate

• Use base 2 ($2^{10},2^{20},\dots$) when dealing with size
• Use base 10 ($10^3,10^6,\dots$) when dealing with rate/frequency

Computer Classes

• Embedded computers
• Personal computers
• Server computers
• Super computers

Computer Architecture

• Application software
• System software
  • Compiler
  • Operating system
    • Handling input/output
    • Managing memory and storage
    • Scheduling tasks and sharing resources
• Hardware
  • Processor
  • Memory
  • I/O
  • Controllers

Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)

• Provides an abstract interface between hardware and low-level software
• Allows different implementations of varying cost and performance to follow the same instruction set architecture

Components of Comupter

• Input
• Output
• Memory
• Processor
  • Datapath
  • Control